15/08/2011

Le commun en révolte





de JUDITH REVEL et TONI NEGRI






   Il ne fallait pas beaucoup d'imagination pour prédire des révoltes urbaines sous la forme de jacqueries, une fois que l'analyse de la crise économique actuelle fut reconduite à ses causes et à ses effets sociaux. Dès 2009, dans Commonwealth, cela avait en effet été prévu.
Ce que nous n'avions pas prévu, au contraire, c'est qu'en Italie, dans le mouvement, cette prévision aurait pu être refusée. Elle paraissait, comme cela nous avait été dit, ancienne ; on nous disait au contraire : voici le moment de reconstruire de larges fronts contre la crise, d'établir dans les mouvements des formes d'organisation-communication-reconnaissance qui touchent la représentativité politique.


   Maintenant nous nous trouvons toutefois face à des mouvements qui s'expriment sous des formes insurrectionnelles plus ou moins classiques, mais qui se donnent partout, en éradiquant ainsi la vieille grammaire géopolitique dans laquelle d'aucuns continuaient obstinément à vouloir penser. Elles se donnent des manières suivantes :


   1) Là où un nouveau prolétariat – fait de précaires et de chômeurs – se joint avec les classes moyennes en crise. Ce sont des sujets différents qui s'unifient de manière inédite dans la lutte - comme dans les pays du sud méditerranéen - pour demander de nouvelles formes de gouvernement, plus démocratiques. La dictature politique des Ben Ali et celle politico-économique de nos démocraties de façade ne sont certainement pas équivalentes – même si ces dernières ont savamment construit, appuyé et protégé les premières pendant des décennies – mais désormais l'envie de démocratie radicale se donne partout et trace un commun de lutte à partir de fronts différents, permettant des intersections et des mixtures, en hybridant les revendications des uns avec celles des autres;


   2) Là où ces forces sociales mêmes, qui souffrent la crise dans des sociétés faites de rapports de classe désormais décidément contrôlés par les régimes financiers à l'intérieur d'économies mixtes, manufacturières et/ou cognitives, bougent sur des terrains différents (les mouvements des ouvriers, des étudiants et des précaires en général, avant; et maintenant des mouvements sociaux complexes du type « acampados ») avec la même détermination ;


   3) Là où la reprise de mouvements de pur refus est traversée par des compositions sociales complexes, stratifiées à la fois verticalement (les classes moyennes précipitant vers le prolétariat de l'exclusion), et horizontalement (dans les différentes sections de la métropole, entre la gentrification et des zones désormais « brésilianisées » - comme le rappelle Saskia Sassen -, c'est-à-dire là où les affrontements entre les gangs commencent à laisser des traces de kalashnikov sur les murs des quartiers, car la seule alternative – dramatique, entropique –à l'organisation des luttes est celle de la criminalité organisée).


   Les révoltes anglaises actuelles appartiennent à cette troisième espèce et ressemblent beaucoup à celles qui ont traversé il y a quelque temps les banlieues françaises : un mixte de rage et de désespoir, des fragments d'auto-organisation et des bribes de sédimentation d'autre type (groupes de quartier, solidarité de réseau, etc.), qui expriment désormais le caractère insupportable d'une vie réduite à ses décombres. Les décombres que les révoltes laissent derrière elles, sans doute inquiétantes, ne sont pas, tous comptes faits, si différentes de celles qui constituent le quotidien de nombreux hommes et femmes aujourd'hui : des bribes de vie, d'une façon ou d'une autre.


   Comment ouvrir la discussion sur ce complexe de phénomènes du point de vue d'une pensée du commun ? Ce que nous formulerons ci-après a comme seule intention d'ouvrir un espace de débat.
Avant tout, nous pensons qu'il faut repousser certaines interprétations que les moyens de communication des classes dominantes véhiculent.


   En premier lieu, on dit qu'il s'agit là de mouvements (ceux desquels nous parlions) qu'il faut considérer, du point de vue politique, du côté de leur « radicale » diversité. Maintenant, il est évident que ces mouvements sont politiquement différents. Mais dire qu'ils le soient « radicalement », cela est simplement idiot. Tous ces mouvements peuvent être, en effet, qualifiés comme radicaux non seulement par l'opposition à Ben Ali ou à d'autres dictateurs, non seulement par la dénonciation de la trahison politique de Zapatero ou de Papandreou, non seulement par la haine envers Cameron ou par le refus du diktat de la BCE. Il sont radicaux, plutôt, en vertu du refus commun de payer les conséquences de l'économie et de la crise (rien ne serait plus faux que de considérer la crise comme une catastrophe éclatée à l'intérieur d'un système économique sain ; rien de plus terrible que de regretter l'économie capitaliste avant la crise), c'est-à-dire l'énorme déplacement de richesses qui est en train de s'opérer à la faveur des puissants, organisés comme ils le sont dans les formes politiques des régimes occidentaux (démocratiques ou dictatoriaux, conservateurs ou réformistes…).


   Voici des révoltes qui naissent en Egypte, en Espagne, en Angleterre par le refus simultané de l'assujettissement, de l'exploitation et du saccage que l'économie a prédisposé pour les vies de populations entières du monde, et des formes politiques dans lesquelles la crise de cette appropriation biopolitique a été gérée. Et ceci est tout aussi vrai pour tous ces régimes appelés « démocratiques ». Cette forme de gouvernement ne semble pas préférable, si ce n'est pour l'apparente « civilité » par laquelle elle masque l'attaque portée à la dignité et à l'humanité des existences qu'elle met en pièces : la dissolution des rapports de représentativité a rejoint des mesures catastrophiques. Quand on affirme qu'il existe – selon les critères de la démocratie occidentale – des différences radicales entre la représentativité dans la Tunisie de Ben Ali ou à Tottenham, ou dans la Brixton de Cameron, on feint simplement de ne pas voir l'évidence : la vie a été trop compressée et saccagée pour ne pas exploser en un mouvement de révolte. Sans parler des dispositifs de répression, qui reportent l'Angleterre aux temps de l'accumulation originaire, aux prisons de Moll Flanders ou aux usines d'Oliver Twist. A l'affichage des photos des jeunes révoltés sur les murs et sur les écrans des villes anglaises, il faudrait vraiment opposer l'impression grand format des faces de porc (autre variante des PIGS ?) des patrons des banques et des lois de finance qui ont conduit des quartiers entiers à cette condition, et qui continuent à faire de la crise une occasion de profit.


   Revenons à la vulgate des journaux. Ces révoltes seraient différentes, en outre, du point de vue éthico-politique. Certaines seraient légitimes, comme dans les pays du Maghreb, car là-bas la corruption des régimes dictatoriaux aurait conduit à des conditions de misère; les protestations des étudiants italiens ou des « indignados » seraient compréhensibles car « la précarité est laide »; les révoltes des prolétaires anglais ou français sont criminelles, de simples mouvements d'expropriation de ce qui ne leur appartient pas, de vandalisme, et de haine raciale.


   Tout cela est faux en grande partie car ces révoltes tendent – parmi les diversités, qu'il ne s'agit pas ici de nier – à posséder une nature commune. Ce ne sont pas des révoltes « juvéniles » mais bien des révoltes qui interprètent des conditions sociales et politiques considérées insupportables par des strates de la population toujours plus majoritaires. La dégradation du salaire de travail et du salaire social est allée outre cette limite que les économistes classiques et Marx identifiaient dans le niveau de reproduction des travailleurs et qu'ils appelaient « salaire nécessaire ». Et maintenant, que les journalistes déclarent donc que ces luttes sont produites par les dérives du consumérisme, s'ils osent !


   Il en découle une première conclusion. Ces mouvements peuvent être définis comme « recompositionnels ». Ils pénètrent, en effet, les populations – qu'il s'agisse de travailleurs jusqu'à présent garantis ou de précaires, de chômeurs ou de ceux qui n'ont jamais connu d'autre chose que des « activités », un art de s'en sortir, des boulots au noir – et ils en exhaltent les moments de solidarité dans la lutte contre la misère. Dans la pauvreté et dans la lutte pour réagir à cela, les classes moyennes déclassées, le prolétariat migrant et non migrant, les travailleurs manuels et cognitifs, les retraités, les femmes au foyer et les jeunes se rejoignent. Ils retrouvent les conditions d'une lutte unitaire.


   En deuxième instance, il saute immédiatement aux yeux (et c'est surtout cela qui fait horreur aux interlocuteurs qui prétendent de voir des caractéristiques consuméristes dans ces mouvements) qu'il ne s'agit pas ici de mouvements chaotico-nihilistes, il ne s'agit pas de mettre au feu pour mettre au feu, et on ne veut pas décréter la puissance destructrice d'un inédit no future. Quarante ans après le mouvement punk (qui fut d'ailleurs, en dépit des stéréotypes, passionnément productif), ce ne sont pas des mouvements qui décrètent la fin de tout futur après l'avoir enregistrée et introjectée, mais bien au contraire ils veulent construire le futur. Ils savent que la crise qui les touche n'est pas dûe au fait que les prolétaires ne produisent pas (sous patron ou dans les conditions générales de la coopération sociale qui désormais innerve les processus de captation de la valeur), ou qu'ils ne produisent pas assez, mais au fait qu'ils sont dérobés du fruit de leur productivité; c'est-à-dire qu'ils doivent payer une crise qui n'est pas la leur; qu'ils ont déjà payé pour les systèmes de santé, de retraitement, d'ordre public pendant que la bourgeoisie accumulait pour les guerres et expropriait pour son profit. Mais surtout ils savent qu'il n'y a pas de sortie de la crise si eux, les révoltés, ne mettent pas les mains dans les mécanismes de pouvoir et dans les rapports sociaux qui règlent ces mécanismes. L'on objectera que ces mouvements ne sont pas politiques. Quand bien même ils exprimeraient des positions politiquement correctes (comme il s'est passé pour les insurgés nord-africains ou pour les indignados espagnols) – les critiques ajoutent – ces mouvements sont préjudiciablement en dehors ou en position critique face à l'ordre démocratique.


   Et à raison, ajouterions nous : dans l'ordre politique actuel il est difficile, sinon impossible, de trouver des brèches, des passages, des parcours à travers lesquels un projet qui attaque les politiques actuelles de dépassement de la crise puisse se donner. Droite et gauche, presque toujours, se valent. La taxe sur le patrimoine concerne les revenus de 40/50 mille euro pour les uns, et de 60/70 mille euros pour les autres : celle-ci serait la différence ? La défense de la propriété privée, l'extension des privatisations et des libéralisations sont à l'ordre du jour dans chaque camp. Le système électoral est désormais purement et simplement réduit à un système de sélection de délégués des classes privilégiées. Etc, etc. Les mouvements attaquent tout cela : sont-ils politiques ou pas quand ils le font ? Ces mouvements sont politiques car ils se posent sur un terrain non revendicatif mais constituant. Ils attaquent la propriété privée car ils la connaissent en tant que forme de leur oppression et ils insistent plutôt sur la constitution et l'auto-gestion de la solidarité, du Welfare, de l'éducation – bref, du commun, car voici-là désormais l'horizon de vie des vieux et des nouveaux pauvres.


   Bien sûr, personne n'est assez stupide pour penser que ces révoltes produisent immédiatement de nouvelles formes de gouvernement. Ce que, toutefois, ces révoltes nous enseignent, c'est que « l'un s'est divisé en deux », que la compacité apparemment sans failles du capitalisme est désormais uniquement une vieille fantasmagorie – qu'il n'y a pas moyen de la réunifier, que le capital est définitivement schizophrénique, et que la politique des mouvements ne peux que se situer immédiatement dans cette rupture.


   Nous espérons que les camarades qui considéraient les insurrections un outillage désuet des politiques de l'autonomie seront capables de réfléchir sur ce qui est en train de se passer. Ce n'est pas en s'usant dans l'attente d'échéances parlementaires, mais en inventant de nouvelles institutions constituantes du commun en révolte que nous pourrons comprendre, tous ensemble, l'à-venir.



*Traduit par Francesca Martinez
  Source : UniNomade.org  


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Il comune in rivolta



di JUDITH REVEL e TONI NEGRI

Non ci voleva molta immaginazione per « strologare » rivolte urbane nella forma dellejacqueries, una volta che l’analisi della crisi economica attuale fosse stata ricondotta alle sue cause ed ai suoi effetti sociali. In Commonwealth, fin dal 2009, era stato infatti previsto. Quello che non ci saremmo mai attesi, all’incontrario, è che in Italia, nel movimento, questa previsione fosse rifiutata. Sembrava infatti, ci fu detto, antica; si disse invece: ora è il momento di ricostruire fronti larghi contro la crisi, di stabilire nei movimenti forme di organizzazione-comunicazione-riconoscimento che tocchino la rappresentanza politica.
Bene, adesso ci si trova tuttavia di fronte a movimenti che si esprimono in forme insurrezionali più o meno classiche, ma che si danno ovunque, sradicando così la vecchia grammatica geopolitica nella quale alcuni continuavano ostinatamente a voler pensare. Si danno cioè:
1) laddove un proletariato nuovo – fatto di precari et di disoccupati – si congiunge a classi medie in crisi: soggetti diversi che si unificano in modo inedito nella lotta, come nei paesi del sud-mediterraneo, per chiedere nuove forme di governo, più democratiche. La dittatura politica dei vari Ben Ali e quella politico-economica delle nostre democrazie di facciata non saranno certo equivalenti – anche se le seconde hanno per decenni accuratamente costruito, appoggiato e protetto le prime – ma ormai la voglia di democrazia radicale è ovunque e traccia un comune di lotta a partire da fronti diversi, permette intrecci e mescolanze, ibrida le rivendicazioni dagli uni con quelle degli altri;
2) dove le medesime forze sociali, che soffrono della crisi in società con rapporti di classe ormai decisamente controllati da regimi finanziari in economie miste, manifatturiere e/o cognitive, si muovono su terreni diversi con pari determinazione (i movimenti degli operai, degli studenti, e dei precari in genere, prima; ed ora movimento sociali complessi del tipo “acampados”);
3) dove la ripresa di movimenti di puro rifiuto, attraversati da composizioni sociali quanto mai complesse, stratificate sia verticalmente (classi medie che precipitano verso il proletariato dell’esclusione), sia orizzontalmente (nelle diverse sezioni della metropoli, fra gentrificazione e zone ormai “brasilianizzate” – come ricorda la Sassen –, dove cioè i rapporti fra gang cominciano a lasciare segni di kalashnikov sulle pareti dei quartieri, perché l’unica – drammatica, entropica – alternativa all’organizzazione delle lotte è quella della criminalità organizzata).
Le attuali rivolte inglesi appartengono a questa terza specie ed assomigliano molto a quelle che hanno attraversato qualche tempo fa le banlieues francesi: misto di rabbia e di disperazione, di frammenti di auto-organizzazione e di spezzoni di sedimentazione di altro tipo (gruppi di quartiere, solidarietà di rete, tifoserie ecc.), esprimono ormai l’insopportabilità di una vita ridotta a macerie. Le macerie che le rivolte lasciano dietro a se stesse, senz’altro inquietanti, non sono alla fine così diverse da quelle che costituiscono il quotidiano di molti uomini e donne oggi: brandelli di vita ad ogni modo.
Come aprire la discussione su questo complesso di fenomeni dal punto di vista di un pensiero del comune? Quanto verremo qui di seguito formulando, ha la sola intenzione di aprire uno spazio di dibattito.
Innanzitutto, ci sembra si tratti di respingere alcune interpretazioni che i mezzi di comunicazione delle classi dominanti veicolano.
Si sostiene in primo luogo, che si tratta di movimenti (questi di cui parlavamo) da considerare, dal punto di vista politico, nella loro “radicale” diversità. Ora, che questi movimenti siano politicamente diversi è ovvio. Ma che lo siano “radicalmente” è semplicemente idiota. Tutti questi movimenti sono, infatti, radicalmente qualificati non semplicemente – a secondo dei casi – dall’opposizione a Ben Ali o ad altri dittatori, non dalla denuncia del tradimento politico di Zapatero o di Papandreou, non dall’odio nei confronti di Cameron o dal rifiuti dei diktat della BCE – ma piuttosto, tutti insieme, dal rifiuto di pagare le conseguenze dell’economia e della crisi (niente sarebbe più errato che considerare la crisi come catastrofe accaduta all’interno di un sistema economico sano; niente di più terribile del rimpianto per l’economia capitalistica prima della crisi), cioè dell’enorme spostamento di ricchezza che queste stanno provocando a favore dei potenti, organizzati nelle forme politiche dei regimi occidentali (democratici o dittatoriali, conservatori o riformisti…).
Queste sono rivolte che nascono in Egitto o in Spagna o in Inghilterra, dal rifiuto allo stesso tempo, dell’assoggettamento, dello sfruttamento e del saccheggio che l’economia ha predisposto sua vita di intere popolazioni del mondo, e delle forme politiche nelle quali la crisi di questa appropriazione biopolitica è stata gestita. E questo vale anche per tutti i regimi cosiddetti “democratici”. Questa forma di governo non sembra preferibile, se non per l’apparente “civiltà” con la quale maschera l’attacco sferrato alla dignità e all’umanità delle esistenze che frantuma: la dissoluzione dei rapporti di rappresentanza ha raggiunto misure rovinose. Quando si afferma che esistono – secondo i criteri della democrazia occidentale – differenze radicali fra la rappresentanza nella Tunisia di Ben Ali o nella Tottenham, o nella Brixton di Cameron, si finge semplicemente di non vedere l’evidenza: la vita è stata troppo compressa e saccheggiata per non esplodere in un moto di rivolta. Per non parlare dei dispositivi di repressione, che riportano l’Inghilterra ai tempi dell’accumulazione originaria, alle prigioni di Moll Flanders o alle fabbriche di Oliver Twist. All’affissione delle foto dei ragazzi rivoltosi sui muri e sugli schermi delle città inglesi, andrebbe davvero opposta la stampa grand format delle facce da maiali (altra variante dei PIGS?) dei padroni delle banche e delle finanziarie che hanno condotto interi quartieri a quella condizione, e che continuano a fare della crisi occasione di profitto.
Torniamo alla vulgata dei giornali. Diverse sarebbero queste rivolte, poi, dal punto di vista etico-politico. Alcune legittime, come nei paesi del Maghreb, perché la corruzione dei regimi dittatoriali avrebbe condotto a condizioni di miseria; comprensibili quelle degli studenti italiani o degli “indignados” perché “precarietà è brutto”; criminali quelle dei proletari inglesi o francesi, semplici movimenti di appropriazione di quello che non è loro, di vandalismo, e di odio razziale.
Tutto ciò è in gran parte falso, perché queste rivolte tendono – fra le diversità, che non si tratta qui di negare – ad avere natura comune. Non sono rivolte “giovanili”, ma rivolte che interpretano condizioni sociali e politiche considerate del tutto insopportabili da strati di popolazione sempre più maggioritari. La degradazione del salario lavorativo e di quello sociale è andata oltre quel limite che gli economisti classici e Marx identificavano nel livello di riproduzione dei lavoratori e chiamavano “salario necessario”. Ed ora, che i giornalisti dichiarino che queste lotte sono prodotte da derive del consumismo, se osano!
Ne viene una prima conclusione. Questi movimenti possono essere “ricompositivi”. Essi penetrano in effetti le popolazioni – che si tratti di lavoratori finora garantiti o di precari, di disoccupati o di chi non ha mai conosciuto altro che “attività”, arte di arrangiarsi, lavoretti sommersi – e ne esaltano i momenti di solidarietà nella lotta contro la miseria. Nella povertà e nella lotta per reagirvi si ricongiungono ceti medi declassati e proletariato migrante e non, lavoratori manuali e cognitivi, pensionati, casalinghe e giovani. Qui si ritrovano condizioni di lotta unitaria.
In secondo luogo, salta immediatamente agli occhi (ed è questo che soprattutto inorridisce gli interlocutori che pretendono vedere caratteristiche consumistiche in questi movimenti) che questi non sono movimenti caotico-nichilisti, che non si tratta di bruciare per bruciare,  che non si vuole decretare la potenza distruttiva di un no future inedito. Quarant’anni ormai dopo il movimento punk (che fu peraltro, alla faccia degli stereotipi, appassionatamente produttivo), non sono movimenti che decretano, avendola registrata e introiettata, la fine di ogni futuro ma che al contrario vogliono costruirlo. Essi sanno che la crisi che li tocca non è dovuta al fatto che i proletari non producono (sotto padrone o nelle condizioni generali della cooperazione sociale che ormai innerva i processi di captazione del valore), o non producono abbastanza, ma al fatto che sono derubati del frutto della loro produttività; che cioè essi devono pagare una crisi che non è la loro; che i sistemi di sanità, di pensionamento, di ordine pubblico, se li sono già pagati mentre la borghesia accumulava per le guerre ed espropriava per il suo proprio profitto. Ma soprattutto sanno che dalla crisi non si uscirà se loro, i rivoltosi, non mettono le mani nei meccanismi di potere e nei rapporti sociali che quei meccanismi regolano. Ma, si obbietterà, quei movimenti non sono politici. Quand’anche esprimessero posizioni politicamente corrette (come spesso è avvenuto per gli insorti nord-africani o per gli indignados spagnoli) – aggiungono i critici – quei movimenti si pongono pregiudizialmente fuori o in posizione critica dell’ordine democratico.
Per forza, ci sembra di poter aggiungere: nell’ordine politico attuale, è difficile, se non impossibile, trovare fori, passaggi, percorsi attraverso i quali un progetto che attacchi le attuali politiche di superamento della crisi, possa darsi. Destra e sinistra, quasi sempre, si equivalgono. La patrimoniale riguarda i redditi da 40/50 mila euro per gli uni, quella di 60/70 mila euro per gli altri: sarebbe quella la differenza? La difesa della proprietà privata, l’estensione delle privatizzazioni e delle liberalizzazioni sono all’ordine del giorno di ciascuna parte. Il sistema elettorale è ormai puramente e semplicemente ridotto a sistema di selezione di delegati dei ceti privilegiati. Ecc, ecc. I movimenti attaccano tutto questo: sono politici o no quando lo fanno? I movimenti sono politici perché si pongono su un terreno non rivendicativo ma costituente. Attaccano la proprietà privata perché la conoscono come forma della loro oppressione ed insistono piuttosto sulla costituzione e la gestione della solidarietà, del Welfare, dell’educazione – insomma, del comune, perché ormai è questo l’orizzonte di vita dei vecchi e dei nuovi poveri.
Naturalmente nessuno è tanto stupido da pensare che queste rivolte producano immediatamente nuove forme di governo. Ciò che tuttavia queste rivolte insegnano è che “ l’uno si è diviso in due”, che la compattezza apparentemente senza faglie del capitalismo è ormai solo una vecchia fantasmagoria – che non c’è modo di riunificarla, che il capitale è definitivamente schizofrenico, e che la politica dei movimenti non può che situarsi immediatamente dentro questa rottura.
Noi speriamo che i compagni che ritenevano le insurrezioni un vecchio arnese delle politiche dell’autonomia sappiano riflettere su quanto sta avvenendo. Non è sfiancandosi nell’attesa di scadenze parlamentari, ma inventando nuove istituzioni costituenti del comune in rivolta, che tutti insieme potremo comprendere l’a-venire.

The common in revolt

It did not take much imagination, once the analysis of the current economic crisis had been brought back to its causes and social effects, to foretell urban revolts akin to jacqueriesCommonwealth had predicted that already in 2009. What we did not expect, on the contrary, is that in Italy, in the movement, this prediction could be rejected. It seemed in fact, we were told, ancient; they told us, instead: now is the time to rebuild broad fronts against the crisis and establish within the movements forms of organization-communication-recognition to address political representation.
Well, now we are nonetheless facing movements that express themselves in more or less classic insurrectionary forms and yet are everywhere, thus uprooting the old geopolitical grammar within which someone stubbornly kept thinking. What we have is, therefore:
1)      A new proletariat, made of precarious and unemployed workers, joins the middle classes in crisis. These are diverse subjects unifying in unusual ways in the struggle, asking, as in the countries of the Southern Mediterranean, new, more democratic forms of government. The political dictatorship of the Ben Alis and the political-economic one of our fake democracies may not be equivalent – although for decades the latter have accurately built, supported, and protected the former – but by now the urge for radical democracy is everywhere and marks a common of struggles emerging from different sides, blending and intertwining, cross-breeding one another’s demands.
2)      The very same social forces, those suffering from the crisis in societies with class relationships by now definitely controlled by financial regimes within mixed, manufacturing and/or cognitive economies, are moving across different terrains (first movements of workers, students, and precarity more generally; now complex social movements of the “acampados” kind) with equal determination.
3)      The resurgence of movements of pure refusal is crisscrossed by a societal composition as complex as ever, stratified both vertically (i.e. middle classes plunging towards the excluded proletariat) and horizontally (i.e. in relation to different sectors of the metropoles, torn between gentrification and – as Saskia Sassen notices – “Brazilianized” zones, where clashes among gangs start leaving the marks of AK-47 bullets on the walls of those neighborhoods where the sole – dramatic, entropic – alternative to organized struggles is organized crime).
The current English revolts belong to this third kind and are quite similar to the ones that some time ago have affected the French banlieues: a mix of anger and desperation, fragments of self-organization and crystallizations of other kinds (neighborhood associations, networked solidarities, soccer fans’ clubs, etc.) expressing by now the unbearability of lives turned to rubble. The rubble, surely unsettling, these revolts leave behind them is not in the end so different from what the everyday lives of so many men and women is made of today: shreds of life in one way or another.
How can we open a discussion on these complex phenomena from the standpoint of thinking the common? What we argue below has the mere intention to open a space for debate.
First and foremost, it seems to us that we need to debunk some interpretations voiced by the mass media of the ruling classes. They argue, to begin with, that these movements we are discussing should be considered, from a political point of view, in their “radical” diversity. Now, it is obvious that these movements are politically diverse. But to say that they are “radically” so is simply idiotic. All these movements are, in fact, radically characterized not only because they oppose Ben Ali or other dictators, whatever is the case, or because they denounce Zapatero’s or Papandreou’s political betrayal, or because they hate Cameron or refuse the impositions of the European Central Bank. They are, rather, characterized as radical because all of them refuse to pay for the consequences of the economy and the crisis (nothing would be more mistaken than considering the crisis as a catastrophe striking a fundamentally sane economic system; nothing would be more terrible than nostalgia for the capitalist economy before the crisis), which is to say the huge movement of wealth that is now taking place to the benefit of the powerful, organized as they are in the political forms of the Western regimes (democratic or dictatorial, conservative or reformist alike…).
These are revolts born, in Egypt, Spain, or England, out of the simultaneous refusal of the subjection, exploitation and plunder this economy has prepared for the lives of entire populations of the world, and the political forms within which the crisis of this biopolitical appropriation has been managed. And this is also true for all the so-called “democratic” regimes. Such a form of government appears only preferable for the seeming “civility” with which it masks the attack on the dignity and humanity of the existences it crushes, but the vanishing of political representation is now at the point of collapse. To argue that there are – according to the criteria of Western democracy – radical differences between the representativeness of Ben Ali’s Tunisia and Cameron’s Tottenham or Brixton, is simply to denying the evidence: life has in both cases been so violated and plundered that it cannot but explode in a movement of revolt. Not to talk of mechanisms of repression, which are bringing England back to the times of primitive accumulation, to the jails of Moll Flanders and the factories of Oliver Twist. To the mugshots of youth in rebellion posted on the walls and the screens of England’s cities one should really juxtapose large sized prints of the swinish faces (a variant of the PIGS?) of the bankers and financial corporate bosses that have turned entire communities to that condition, and keep fattening their profits out of this crisis.
Let’s go back to the newspaper’s trivia. They also say that these revolts are different from an ethical-political standpoint. Some would thus be legitimate, as in the Maghreb countries, because there the corruption of dictatorial regimes has led to miserable conditions; the protests of the Italian students or the Spanish “indignados” would still be understandable because “precarity is bad”; the revolts of the English or the French proletariat are, instead, “criminal” as they are allegedly marked by mere looting of other people’s property, hooliganism and racial hatred.
All this is largely false, because these revolts tend – with all the differences among them, which we don’t deny – to have a common nature. They are not “youthful” revolts, but revolts that understand social and political conditions that increasingly large layers of the population consider entirely unbearable. The degradation of the working and social wage has gone beyond the threshold identified by classical economists and by Marx with the level of workers’ reproduction, which they called a “necessary wage”. And now, we dare the journalists to argue that these struggles are produced by excesses of consumerism!
Here comes a first conclusion. These movements can be defined as “recompositional”. They actually penetrate populations – be they workers guaranteed up to now or precarious ones, unemployed or those who have only known odd jobs, improvisation and off-the-books activities – exalting their moments of solidarity in their struggle against destitution. Declining middle classes and the proletariat, migrant and not, manual and cognitive workers, retirees, housewives, and youth are joined in poverty and the struggle to oppose it. Here they found conditions for a united struggle.
Second, it is immediately apparent (and this is what mostly terrifies those who assume consumerist characteristics in these movements) that these are not chaotic and nihilistic movements, that they are not about burning for burning’s sake, that
they don’t just want to sanction the destructive potency of an unforeseeable “no future”. Forty years after the punk movement (which on the other hand was, in spite of the stereotypes, passionately productive), these are not movements declaring the end, recorded and internalized, of every future; they rather want to build the future. They know that the crisis affecting them is not due to the fact that the proletariat does not produce – either under a boss or in the general condition of social cooperation by now underpinning processes of capture of value – or does not produce enough, but is happening because they are robbed of the fruit of their productivity; which is to say, they are forced to pay for a crisis that is not their own; they have already paid for healthcare, retirement and public order systems while the bourgeoisie was accumulating for war and expropriating for its own profit. But mostly they know that there’s no way out of this crisis until they, the rebels, don’t handle the power mechanisms and the social relations that regulate those mechanisms. But, one may object, these
are not political movements. Even if – the critics add – they expressed politically correct positions (as it has often happened for the North-African insurgents or the Spanish “indignados”) these movements are prejudicially outside or critical towards the democratic order.
Of course, we would like to add: it is difficult if not impossible to find, in the current political order, passages and paths through which a project attacking the current policies for overcoming the crisis can take place. Right and left are, almost always, alike. For the former the wealth tax should hit incomes of 40-50,000 Euros, for the latter of 60-70,000 Euros: is this the difference? The defense of private property, the extension of privatization and liberalization are in the agendas of both sides. Electoral systems are by now reduced to the pure and simple selection of delegates from the privileged strata, and so on and so forth. These movements are attacking all this: are they political or not when they do so? These movements are political because they position themselves on a constituent, not a claim-making, terrain. They attack private property because they know it as the form of their oppression and rather insist on the constitution and self-management of solidarity, welfare, education – in short of the common, because this is by now the horizon for old and new powers.
Of course no one is so stupid to think that these revolts immediately produce new forms of government. What, nonetheless, these revolts teach is that “the one is now split into two”, that the seemingly flawless solidity of capitalism is by now only an old phantasmagoria, which in no way can be brought back together, that capital is immediately schizophrenic and the politics of the movements can only locate itself within this fracture.
We hope that those comrades who believed insurrections to be an outdated tool of autonomist politics will be able to reflect on what’s going on. It is not by wearing ourselves off waiting for parliamentary deadlines but by inventing new constituent institutions for the common in revolt that we can understand together what is to come.


* Translated by Franco Barchiesi

KLF meeting: Barcelona, 16-18 September


These are intense weeks in Barcelona and for this it took us a bit of time to formulate a proposal to the KLF for meeting in September. Our proposal is to hold the meeting of the KLF on the 16-18  of September in Barcelona in concomitance with the a broader euromediterranean meeting to discuss about the Autumn starting from the mobilisations of the 15Oct.

We propose to build together a common space for euromediterranean social movements in September where to share info on mobilisations and to prepare an interconnected agenda for the struggles of Autumn. To the KLF we want to propose an agenda for Friday 16 and Saturday 17 of September, following from the discussion in Paris, to keep developing our common projects on autonomous and radical knowledge and against the austerity. Here goes a first proposal and the link to the Crabgrass group where we are starting to discuss the definition of the programme for the KLF-Meeting
More in general, from Barcelona we are trying to contact different networks in Europe and the North of Africa to propose to participate in this HubMeeting. Aside of common discussions, we are offering the possibility to hold here in Barcelona autonomous meetings on the same days.
We can offer logistic and support for networks that want to converge in Barcelona from the 15 of September to the 18 of September.
For this is important to let us know at 15shubmeeting@gmail.com your participation and the will of holding meetings, workshops etc.
KLF Meeting
Following from the Paris meeting, we propose to have two different session for working – first, parallel meetings of the different groups emerged in Paris and in the following months (i can think about KAFKA-Fanzine, Website, Tunisian meeting, and we can go on adding an abstract for each group in the crabgrass). Second a general session in which each group could report back to the general meeting and in which we could discuss about the common action of the KLF and the next meeting that possibly will be hold in Tunis.
PLEASE NOTE: DRY-Bcn can take charge of the logistic of this meeting (rooms, sleeping, possibly translations), but the organization of discussions, materials etc needs to be assumed by the KLF and worked out in the next weeks. We propose to use the space of the Crabgrass to discuss
1. Workshops
2. Agenda of the General Meeting
For Meeting Logistics, please refer to the logistic group on https://red.democraciarealya.es/pg/groups/59275/15s-hub-meeting/
Hub Meeting
The Hub Meeting is being organized in this online group
We just add down the call for the meeting. If you want to participate, please inscribe yourself on the red.democraciarealya.es network to work together.
Finally we want to warmly invite you to participate. This Spring has been emotioning and inspiring but we think the Autumn to come will be a crucial moment for building grassroots mobilizations able to hack power and to start the construction of new forms of radical and autonomous social organization. In the same spirit that lead us in Paris we want to materially affirm and show everybody that the struggles in the North of Africa, in the Middle East and in Europe are the same struggle: against austerity and for taking our power back.
For this meeting, discussing, and collaborating through out our differences is crucial and this is why we want to open a space of discussion where convergence doesnt mean ‘unification’ but ‘dialogue, alliance’ in a struggle against common enemies and to take back what is our!
WE WON’T PAY FOR YOUR CRISIS!
KLF-BcnGroup in collaboration with DRY-Barcelona
—-

Dear friends and comrades,
For those of us who have experienced 15M movement firsthand, last weeks have been intense. Our daily life has been happily colonized by radical and diffuse political practices, which has been capable of initiating the debate and showing the advanced state of decomposition of representative politics and its servility to economic interests.

Today, new mobilizations are occurring in many places which continue with the long fall of fighting and struggle against austerity policies and the later spring of revolts blossom in Iceland and the Mediterranean shores.
Next autumn, lots of conflicts will cross the world. Attempts to stop radical and democratic movements in the Arab world, and the sanction of austerity policies in Europe, are the closest examples to us. But we know they are not the only ones. We are experiencing together an attack to global society which targets existence as to make it precarious in the interests of a very restricted and dominant elite.
In the European frame, all these austerity and cutting policies directly affect the foundations of different forms of the European welfare state, which in spite of their differences are the result of many previous struggles. The rights we currently enjoy were not granted by the dominant political class throughout the time. It was social movements which achieved the incorporation of a more human and fair perspective of society through mobilizations and other actions. Nobody has given us anything for free; we cannot tolerate anyone to snatch the political and social conquests accomplished so far. We have a historical legacy to defend together.
Because of these reasons, we are working, from the different DRY (Democracia Real Ya!) nodes, on the global mobilization on October 15th against austerity policies and to build real democratic practices from the bottom up. We would like October 15th to be a territory, inhabited and shared by many people, colectively built, where we can denounce the crisis of power and start building concrete alternatives against material conditions and precariousness of lifestyles.
We consider this to be done through meeting and debate among multiple networks, social movements and processes, which are challenging power arrogance in this common struggle cycle. That is why we propose building up a meeting together  from 15th to 18th September. A kind of Hub Meeting where we can talk about this cycle of mobilizations and find possible connection, collaboration and convergence joints between the struggles in which we are taking part.
Because of all above stated, we offer, from Barcelona, to provide the necessary infrastructure which  allow us to carry out the meeting and therefore to be able to share analysis, perspectives and strategies to design together a long fall against a global power which each and every day seems, in our opinion, closer to its own twilight.
The different networks, groups and movements, which want to take part in this meeting, will be also able to organize parallel and autonomous meetings everyday. They will have access to the necessary logistic means as places to gather and accommodation, etc (yet to determine)
To make the set-up of this meeting the most collective possible, we suggest that you use, as a shared space, the group “15S Hub meeting”:
To access this tool you must first log on at https://red.democraciarealya.es/ and join the “I” team where the “15S Hub meeting” subgroup is enabled.

As a first way to organize preparatory work, we suggest the following categories: Participating Groups and Networks; Contents; Working Methodology; Logistics and Calendar.
Participating Groups and Netwroks:      a list of participants with a brief introduction.
Contents: collecting proposals of workshops and issues threads.
Methodology: proposal and discussion of working methodologies with the tool online and  for the meeting itself.
Calendar: organization of days and times of the meeting.
Logistics: available and necessary resources to carry out the activities and their management.

If you are interested in participating, we’ll appreciate if you can send us an email to 15ShubMeeting@gmail.com in order to construct a list of participants (and their networks) and to planify the resources that we need.
Hoping to meet you in Barcelona, and on the net,
DRY Barcelona
DRY appears in January 2011 as a citizen mobilization platforms coordinator within a context influenced by the silent Icelandic revolution, the Arab spring and the European mobilizations cycle against austerity policies, which are being implemented as an excuse for their necessity in the context of the current economic and financial crisis, which affects all of us. In this frame, DRY called for a first demonstration last May 15th (15M) to denounce that “we are not merchandise in bankers and politicians hands”. With this mobilization, the precarious ones -workers, students, pensioners, inmigrants…- and different social groups took politics back from the violence of Capital. DRY has actively participated in the “#acampadas” (campsites) movement. DRY supports and actively works on the building up of mobilizations on October 15th on a global level.


sur le mouvement étudiant en Chili


l movimiento estudiantil chileno ha sido todo un hito dentro de la movilización social de la post-dictadura y ha logrado sumar a mayorías estudiantiles a un proceso de cuestionamiento de algunas de las bases estructurales del sistema educacional vigente.

Si tuviéramos que definir los elementos centrales de las demandas de los estudiantes, podríamos encontrar de manera concreta algunos ejes que si bien se reducen a cuestiones gremiales, en la evolución de la demanda estudiantil, sí se han podido reconocer importantes voces a nivel dirigencial y de bases que han señalado la vinculación directa entre los cambios pretendidos y la necesidad de realizar cambios de fondo, que evidentemente sobrepasan las demandas sectoriales.

El escenario en el que emergió la protesta estudiantil es en un Chile marcado por la baja credibilidad en la politica oficial por parte de una sociedad aunque mayoritariamente desorganizada y fragmentada, ha protagonizado importantes cuestionamientos sociales; experiencias recientes que se dirigen a confirmar esto son, el levantamiento en la provincia de Magallanes ante el alza del petróleo, las gigantescas movilizaciones, principalmente en Santiago, contra las centrales hidroeléticas a ubicarse en el sur del país – Proyecto Hidroaysén- y más tarde las aún más convocantes protestas estudiantiles que alcanzaron niveles de participación pocas veces visto en el Chile contemporáneo, más de 500 mil personas protestando por Educación.

Ante un diagnóstico más o menos compartido entre las esferas políticas y las múltiples izquierdas existentes en el panorama político de las principales universidades del país, se reconocían cuestiones socialmente graves como un Acceso y retención en las instituciones de educación superior marcado por la diferencia de clases sociales, un costo excesivamente alto de los aranceles universitarios, la falta de democracia intena – en mayor o menor medida- y la existencia de universidades que, no respetando la legislación vigente, lucraban con sus establecimientos. Se comenzó con una discusión al interior de la Confederación de Estudiantes de Chile que consideró por una parte el frenar la reforma educacional prometida por el gobierno y, por otro lado, fortalecer un proyecto educacional definido desde los estudiantes.

Se debe hacer notar varias cuestiones contextuales si es que se pretende entender los alcances y cauces de este movimiento. En primer lugar la posición de Chile como experimento neoliberal en que el papel de la empresa privada tiene una importancia tremenda y de un Estado reducido a un rol subsidiario, con un pueblo organizado sólo en algunos níveles. Segundo, la débil posición del primer gobierno de la derecha desde la dictadura y de su presidente en particular, quienes tienen una oposición política1 débil, pero no cuentan con la simpatía de la gente. Un modelo educacional heredado de la dictadura militar, y fortalecido por los sucesivos gobiernos del centro político (La Concertación) que agrupa a miembros del Partido Socialista y Demócrata Cristiano, quienes cedieron un rol importante a negociantes de la educación en todos los níveles educativos y han ayudado a crear un sistema totalmente segregado e injusto donde hay instituciones que acogen a estudiantes con mejores posiciones económicas y otras que acogen a algunos de los estudiantes más pobres, siendo el nivel de injusticia tal que el arancel de pago de una carrera universitaria sobrepasa siempre el sueldo que obtiene la mayor parte dela fuerza laboral en Chile.

Las anteriores conclusiones son importantes, pues consideran algunos rasgos fundamentales del Chile heredero de la dictadura, pero estando esas condiciones presentes durante años ¿por qué hoy la emergencia de un movimiento estudiantil como el actual?

La respuesta a la pregunta anterior podría explicarse a partir de diferentes lecturas de un analisis mas largo y continuo en ele tiempo sobre el proceso del movimiento. No obstante lo anterior, pareciera ser que hay un proceso de maduración de las críticas al sistema neoliberal impuesto por la fuerza y un nivel de participación desde las bases estudiantiles creciente que han evitado el manejo desde direcciones cercanas a la clase política tradicional.

El escenario actual, a comienzos de Agosto, es un tanto diferente al que se podía encontrar sobre todo en el mes de Junio que es cuando se concentró la toma de colegios y universidades, y se hicieron las manifestaciones callejeras más numerosas. Pese a la debilidad mediática del gobierno, hay una imposibilidad estructural de obtener una educación que se desvincule del escenario neoliberal que nos afecta y en ese sentido la victoria estratégica no parece estar al alcance del corto plazo, pero sí en la reconstrcción del tejido social y la organización social que haga avanzar una sociedad nueva al tiempo que una educación nueva. Esto se ve en la radicalizacion de las ultimas semanas del movimiento, con luchas callejeras, barricadas y el apoyo popular reflejado en los cacerolazos del 4 de Agosto.

En resumen, tanto los estudiantes de educación superior como de secundaria han sido capaces de pasar desde demandas sectoriales a cuestionar el modelo político y económico, y en ese tránsito han sumado simpatías de sectores sociales distintos, permite prever un futuro más promisorio que antes en la potencialidad organizativa del pueblo, y si bien la institucionalidad no ha sido rebasada de manera completa, sí existe hoy un mayor cuestionamiento a las lógicas neoliberales y a la clase política, lo que podría traer dichosas consecuencias si se afianza un proyecto revolucionario desde el pueblo organizado que pretenda disputar la hegemonía del modelo actual.

1 Entendiendo lo político dentro de los estrechos márgnes de lo institucional, y sabiendo que hay otros usos en lo que “lo político” podría obtener significados más amplios y correctos.



Le Mouvement Etudiant au Chilien a été un événement dans les manifestations sociales de l’après-dictature et a réussi à fédérer une majorité d’étudiants à un processus de questionnement des quelques bases structurelles du système éducatif existant.

Si nous devions définir les éléments fondamentaux de la demande des étudiants, nous pourrions trouver une façon concrète que bien que certaines lignes son limitées à des choses simple [je veux dire que ne sont pas vraiment structurel, sinon plutôt reformes, comme une augmentation des salaires], dans l’évolution de la demande des étudiants, ils ont été reconnus voix important à niveaux de dirigeants et les bases qui ont souligné le lien direct entre les changements souhaités et la nécessité de changements fondamentaux, qui dépassent nettement les demandes sectorielles.

Le scénario qui a émergé des manifestation d’étudiant au Chili est marquée par la faible crédibilité de la politique officielle de la part de la société bien plus désorganisés et fragmentés, a joué dans enjeu social majeur, les expériences récentes confirment cet objectif sont les soulèvement dans la province de Magallanes à la hausse du pétrole, les grandes manifestations, principalement à Santiago contre les plantes hidroeléticas d'être situé dans le sud - Projet HidroAysén, et plus tard l'étudiant proteste encore plus les niveaux de convocation de la participation qui a atteint quelques souvent vu dans contemporaine au Chili, plus de 500 mille personnes protestaient contre l'éducation.

Pour un diagnostic plus ou moins partagée entre la gauche politique et les multiples existant dans le paysage politique des meilleures universités du pays sont reconnus comme un accès de graves problèmes sociaux et de rétention dans les établissements d'enseignement supérieur marqué par les différences de classe sociale un coût excessivement élevé des frais de scolarité, l'absence d'intention démocratie - à un degré plus ou moins et l'existence d'universités, de ne pas respecter la législation actuelle, a profité de leurs établissements. Il a commencé par une discussion au sein de la Confédération des Etudiants du Chili a estimé d'une part la lente réforme éducative promis par le gouvernement et d'autre part, un projet éducatif visant à renforcer définis par les élèves.

Il devrait être noté plusieurs questions contextuelles si l'on veut comprendre la portée et les moyens de ce mouvement. D'abord la position de l'expérience néolibérale au Chili et le rôle de l'entreprise privée a une importance énorme et un état réduit à un rôle subsidiaire, avec une organisation que dans certains niveaux. Deuxièmement, la position de faiblesse de la droite du premier gouvernement de la dictature et de son président en particulier, qui ont une faible opposition politique, mais n'ont pas la sympathie du peuple. Un modèle éducatif hérité de la dictature militaire, et renforcé par les gouvernements successifs dans le centre politique (Concertación), qui comprend des membres du Parti socialiste et les démocrates-chrétiens, qui a donné un rôle important pour les commerçants de l'éducation à tous les niveaux éducatifs et ont contribué à créer un des étudiants totalement séparés et injuste où les institutions de bienvenue avec une meilleure position économique et d'autres qui accueillera certains des étudiants les plus pauvres, où le niveau d'injustice que le paiement d'une redevance dépasse toujours l'université salaire devient effectif le plus dela au Chili.

Les résultats ci-dessus sont importants parce qu'ils considèrent que certaines caractéristiques clés de l'héritier de la dictature du Chili, mais ces conditions étant présents depuis des années maintenant pourquoi l'émergence d'un mouvement étudiant que l'actuel?

La réponse à la question ci-dessus pourrait être expliquée par des interprétations différentes d'un temps plus long d'analyse et de la poursuite des éléments du processus du mouvement. Néanmoins, il semble qu'il y ait un processus de maturation de la critique du système néolibéral imposé par la force et le niveau de participation des étudiants à la base ont évité l'augmentation de route de directions proches de la classe politique traditionnelle.

Le scénario actuel au début d'août, est un peu différent qui pourraient être trouvés principalement dans le mois de Juin, c'est quand la décision axée sur les collèges et les universités, et sont devenus des manifestations de rue en plus nombreux. Malgré la faiblesse des médias gouvernementaux, il ya une impossibilité structurelle de l'obtention d'une éducation qui rompt le scénario néolibéral qui nous affecte et dans ce sens, la victoire stratégique ne semble pas être disponible pour le court terme, mais dans le tissu social et reconstrcción l'organisation sociale que les progrès d'une société nouvelle alors une nouvelle éducation. Cela se voit dans la radicalisation du mouvement dans les dernières semaines, avec des combats de rue, des barricades et le soutien populaire reflétée dans les 4 août cacerolazos.

En résumé, les étudiants de l'enseignement supérieur et les écoles secondaires ont été en mesure de passer de demandes sectorielles à la question du modèle politique et économique, et dans le secteur du transport ont rejoint différents sympathies sociales, peuvent offrir un avenir plus radieux qu'avant la potentiel organisationnel du peuple, et bien que les institutions n'a pas été dépassé dans son intégralité, oui il ya maintenant un plus grand défi à la logique néolibérale et de la classe politique, qui pourrait amener ces conséquences si un projet révolutionnaire est sécurisé par le village a organisé al'intention de contester l'hégémonie du modèle actuel.



The Chilean Student Movement has been a huge event in the post dictatorship social movements, and it has achieve to summon the student’s mayorities in a process of questioning some of the structural bases of the present Educational System.

If we had the need to define the central elements of the Students demands, we could find that in tangible way some axis that may be reduced to reforms, in the evolution of the Students demands, it’s possible to recognize important voices at leader’s and bases levels, that have indicated the direct link between the intended changes and the need to carry out substantive changes, that obviously exceed the sectorial demands.

The scenario in which the Students protests emerged in Chile has been marked by the low credibility in the official politics of a society that is mostly non-organized and fragmented, and has starred important social issues; recent experiences that begin to confirm this are the uprising in the Magallanes porvince to the rising oil prices, the gigantic manifestations, most in Santiago, against the hidroelectric to be built in the South of the country – The HidroAysen Proyect – and later the even more massive Student’s Protests that elevated the level of participation, not so often seen in the Contemporary Chile, more than 500 thousand people protesting for Education.

In a diagnosis more or less shared within the political spheres and the multiple left wing organizations of the political panorama in the principal universities of the country, serious social problems were to be found like Access to Higher Education or withholding of students of certain social class depending of the educational institution, the excessive cost of the mensual payment at universities, the lact of democracy – in more or less measure – within, and the existence of universities that didn’t respect the present legislation and profited with their institutions.

A variety of cotextual element may need to be placed if it to be intended to understand the reaches and possiblities of this movement. First of all, the condition of Chile like a neoliberal experiment in which the role of private corporations has a huge importance and a State that has been reduced to a subsidiary role, and a weak social organization only to certain levels. Secondly, the low rating of the first right wing goverment since the military coup and particulary the president, who has a weak political1 oposition, but doesn’t count with people’s sympathy. With an Educational System inherited from the dictatorship, and reinforced by the consecutive goverments of the center politics (la Concertacion) that conglomerates members of the Socialist Party and the Christian Democrats, who gave an significant role to educational merchants in all education and have aid to create a system that’s totally segragated and unfiar, where you can find institutions that embrace high economic position students, and other that grab some low reasources students, with such level of unjustice that the mensual payment for a university career always exceeds the salary that most part of labor force of Chile receives.

The last conclutions are relevant, as they consider some of the fundamental qsdf of the Chile upcoming the military coup, but with this conditions being present for years, why now the emergence of a Student Movement like the one today?

The answer to this question could be explained from the different points of view of a longer and continious analisis of the process of the movement. Nevertheless, it seems to be a process of maduration tre critics to the neoliberal system that was established by force and a rising number of students participating that has prevented the movements of being used by it leaders that are close to the traditional political class.

In this scenario, at the begining of August, it’s a bit different of what could be found in the month of June, when the school and universities occupations were at thier peak, and street manifestation were larger. Despite the mediatic weakness of the goverment, there’s a structural impossibility to obtain an education that not linked to the neoliberal scenario that were in to, and in that respect the strategic victory may not be within a short term reach, but more in the reconstruction of the social tissue and organization that could make us advance towards a new society and thus a new education. This can be seen by the radicalization of the last weak of the movement, with street clashes, barricades and the popular support reflected by the “Cacerolazo” of the 4th of August.

In Summary, soo much as students of higher and secundary education have been capable of surpass minor demands to question the political and economical model, and also has sum the sympathy of different social sectors, allows to preview a more promesing future than before in the organizative potencial of the people, and allthough the institutions haven’t been overcome completly, today a mayor questioning towards the logics of the neoliberal and political class exists, what could bring fortunate consequences if a revolucionary proyect was consolidated withing the people organized that pretend to dispute the dominance of today’s system.
1 Defining “Political” as within the narrow margins of the institution, knowing this could be understand in a more wide and correct way.



http://www.fel-chile.org/
http://fech.cl/
http://confech.wordpress.com/
http://www.elciudadano.cl/
http://periodico-solidaridad.blogspot.com/
http://anarkismo.net/article/20264


From Choucha to Tunis – between Migration and Revolution


In May 2011 a delegation of the anti-racist networks Afrique-Europe-Interact and Welcome to Europe went to Tunisia. Apart from Tunis stops of the contact- and fact-finding tour were among others refugee camps at the Libyan border as well as Sidi Bouzid – the place were the uprising started in December 2010. Below are some impressions and also two requests to push on with the European-African co-operation in autumn – the „ships of solidarity“ against the EU border regime and the transnational conference in the Tunisian capital.

When the Tatort (title of a German crime series) „The illegal death“ was shown on TV we were at a hotel in Tunis. The scriptwriter could hardly know how red-hot his story would be in May 2011. A boat with refugees coming from Tunisia meets a Frontex patrol – on board German officers from Bremen. Instead of saving the people from the overloaded boat, a refugee was shot, the boat capsized, almost all boat people drowned. In a second attempt one survivor from Togo reached Europe and made it to Bremen. Her little daughter was one of the drowned refugees. The mother takes vengeance on the Frontex team who had covered up the incident. The inhuman methods of operation of the European border police were presented to millions of TV-viewers, also showing an internal order from the Frontex boss at the Warsaw headquarters to fend off the refugees at all costs. Even tough it was „only“ a good thriller, this evening might have been a disaster for the Frontex image.

This well worth seeing film is set in July 2010. Since February 2011 such deathly assignments seem even more realistic. Since then the operation Hermes is in force and Frontex patrols the Tunisian coast. In the past months more than 2,000 drowned boat people were counted between North Africa, Lampedusa and Malta. The death in the Mediterranean Sea looks like a calculated strategy of deterrence of the EU border regime. Multiple documentations show that refugees were intentionally not rescued and left to their destiny. (1)

Voices from Choucha: Open Escape Routes, Accept Refugees

“ ´We want to leave! Europe must help!` The demands on the cardboard plaques of the refugees and migrants at the Tunisian-Libyan border are very clear and urgent: for months 5,000 people have been waiting under unbearable conditions in the camp of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Choucha. All of them escaped from the escalating civil war in Libya where a lot of them were migrant workers. Others looked for refuge from the war zones in the Sub-saharan Africa. In Choucha survivors of capsized refugee boats meet those who despite all dangers and out of desperation set out to the Libyan border to try the dangerous crossing to Europe.” (2)

In May our delegation was in Choucha when the situation escalated after a burning. In film clips and interviews we documented the dramatic situation, even the mainstream media discussed the responsibility of the EU migration policy. In view of the conference of the interior ministers in Frankfurt as well as the EU Council in Brussels demands for an immediate resettlement of refugees were directed to the responsible German as well as EU ministers in June. Again they showed no mercy – consequently a Spanish NATO ship which for once had rescued refugees were refused landing in Italy and Malta. (3)

Ships of Solidarity

In July, in view of the unbearable situation French and Italian networks initiated the “Flotilla” (as „Ships of Solidarity” translated in the german version of the call). A more detailed concept is still discussed and also the question of financing the project which is supposed to start in October must be decided in the coming weeks. A new Cap Anamur (4) is not feasible. More likely is a small fleet of ships which will combine monitoring, public denouncement, escorts and if necessary rescues. However, the campaign with the participation of political and cultural prominence could and should gain more than great attendence of the media. The aim of this offensive step is to disrupt the re-installation of the externalized „watch dog regime“. “The democratic movements in North Africa are the chance to a new beginning. Instead of deathly exclusion and bizarre scenarios of harassment openness and solidarity must be the future of the editerranean area. Bridges instead of walls are necessary for a new African-European relationship, so that Europe will become a place of real freedom, common security and equal rights for all.” (2)

Meanwhile a transnational committee to prepare the ambitious ship initiative is established. More European and African countries signal support and assistance. In Germany a contact group of the above-mentioned networks was established. In any case wide and prominent support is needed, if boat people are rescued and transported towards European harbors. The repression the Cap Anamur as well as Tunisian fishermen experienced by the Italian authorities are still badly remembered.

December 2010 – the Spark develops to a Blaze …

The Tunisian president Ben Ali was one of the watchdogs of the EU migration regime. Not only transit-refugees but also Harragas (= to burn borders, slang for leaving the country illegally) with an Arabic passport where imprisoned for their illegal attempts to leave for a long time. However, the more important transit country for the EU was Libya. Consequently, the Gaddafi regime was flattered to further its involvement in migration controls. 2007 Frontex lead an EU delegation to Tripoli, even tough random detentions as well as torture and rape of refugees in Libyan camps were already documented. Nevertheless in the following years millions from EU funds were paid to enforce the Libyan sea and desert border. Even in November 2010 at the EU-Africa summit in Tripoli Westerwelle posed handshaking with Gaddafi. Moreover, an agreement of the police with Frontex was planned for the following months. But then came December 17 – in a small town in Tunisia the uprising started, the effects of which challenged the Libyan regime already in February.

The spark developed to a blaze as the young vegetable dealer Mohamed Bouazizi from Sidi Bouzid burnt himself to protest against harassment and corruption on 17 December 2010. In May, when we stopped in the small town we met a group of youths who proudly told us about the rough conflicts with the police in the December nights. „Some say it was January 14, but we say it started on December 17!“ From there the Tunisian uprising reached the neighboring underprivileged regions, then in Tunis it was taken up by civil right groups and students and at last it lead to mass strikes with the support of the unions. In the south the rallying cry was „Degage – disappear“. Finally on January 14 Ben Ali and his clan must leave the county head over heels. Minimal social concessions of the new governments (5) are insufficient. The youths in Sidi Bouzid are still not better off, but they are self confident – not only toward the police. At the end of February some of them participated in the new protests in the capital when the transition government (with representatives of the old regime) was chased out of office. In July new conflicts were reported from Sidi Bouzid.

Common Struggles in the Mediterranean and Beyond?

In May, while we were talking to the youths in the cafe at Sidi Bouzid, there were reports about the continuing mass protests in Spain. Hundred thousands occupy the squares in Madrid and Barcelona. Mostly young people protest against the policy of the elites which leads to lack of perspectives and increasing precarity. They explicitly refer to the mass demonstrations at the Tahrir square in Cairo and the dynamic of the Arabic spring. Through Facebook contacts in Europe the youths in Sidi Bouzid heard about it. They are happy that the effects of their uprising even go beyond the Arabic world.

One week before that we were in Tunis, participating at a meeting to which Tunisian students and activists of the „knowledge liberation front“ from France and Italy had invited. In spring the same network met in Paris for the first time. First and foremost to exchange their strike experiences on universities and to discuss common strategies. The successful Tunisian uprising had just reached Egypt. Tunisian activists introduced the idea of a larger conference in Tunis.

„In the context of the economic crisis there are a lot of parallels why we fight in Europe and why Ben Ali and Mubarak were overthrown“, it says in the appeal and continues: „We want this meeting to be a test field for reflection and collective work regarding the following fundamental questions: migration and freedom of movement for people and knowledge, precarity, debts and social welfare, free access to education for all, establishment of self-governed media and networks,
re-appropriation of urban areas, methods of social mobilization and experiments with new forms of organization and collective intelligence. (6)

In the past years the „precariat of the EuroMayday“ has dispersed. Could it have been too early for this political anticipation which now develops with social dynamic in the parallel more or less simultaneous and for all inspiring fights from Tunis to Barcelona and from Cairo to Athens? A  common enemy from IMF and ECB to the national elites is recognizable in the so-called saving programmes but can that be permanent? The gap between North Africa and Southern Europe remains enormous. In spite of all differences - are these “precarious connections” not increasing? And  if so, how can they be moved towards Frankfurt and Berlin? A lot of unanswered questions – but that they can now be asked in this dimension, seems to be reason enough to interfere and participate in this new dynamic transnational search process. The ships of solidarity as well as the conference in Tunis offer these opportunities.


h., no one is illegal / Hanau





(1)    the shattering report „Logbook of Death“ in May, issue 21/2011 of the Spiegel (German political journal)
(2)    From the appeal of Pro Asyl, medico international, Borderline Europe, Interact and Welcome to Europe. The appeal and further information and links can be found at www.afrique-europe-interact.net
          To contact the ship initiative in Germany – choucha-appell@antira.info
          Moreover in a brochure about Tunisia published at the end of August more detailed information about the trip will be published.
(3)    TAZ (German newspaper), issue July 21, 2011
(4)    The Cap Anamur II was a big ship with room for 300 refugees, bought for EUR 1.8 millions. 2004 refugees were rescued at sea. The Italian authorities reacted with criminalization and confiscated the ship. It took years before the accused were acquitted.
(5)    Since April young people with a completed professional education or university degree receive an unemployment benefit of appr. EUR 250.00.
(6)    From the appeal to the transnational meeting in Tunis which is expected to take place at the end of September.